El jefe del Servicio de Microbiología del Hospital Vall d’Hebron de Barcelona, Tomàs Pumarola, ha detallado este viernes que la información preliminar de la variante Ómicron del coronavirus indica que los cuadros clínicos son “más leves” respecto a otras cepas como la delta o la alfa, aunque ha aclarado que todavía se tiene que demostrar.
Pumarola ha insistido en una entrevista en que no hay suficientes casos de la nueva variante y todavía tienen que corroborar esta información pero, según él, parece ser que la sintomatología es “más banal, más ligera” que en otras variantes.
La cepa Ómicron se ha impuesto “claramente” en Sudáfrica, que tiene un 25% de cobertura vacunal, pero Pumarola ha abogado por ver qué ocurre cuando la variante entre en España, que tiene unas cifra de vacunación más elevadas, de cerca del 90%.
Lo que observa la comunidad científica cada vez que hay nuevas variantes del virus, según Pumarola, es que, por regla general, se transmiten mejor y escapan más a la vacunación que las cepas anteriores, aunque mantienen su virulencia o “incluso la van atenuando”.
“Esto es parte de un proceso de adaptación” del virus, ha reiterado el jefe del Servicio de Microbiología de Vall d’Hebron, que ha destacado su dinamismo a la hora de mutar y ha previsto que cada tres meses aproximadamente aparece una nueva variante.
De momento, los casos de infección con la variante Ómicron en personas completamente vacunadas son leves o asintomáticos, ha subrayado el doctor.
Espícula
Para Pumarola, la característica “más importante” de la nueva variante es que presenta una acumulación muy grande de mutaciones en la espícula, que es el área del virus que se une al receptor de la célula para infectarla.
Para ejemplificarlo, lo ha comparado con el juego infantil de estructuras tridimensionales en el que hay que colocar un triángulo en el agujero que tiene forma de triángulo y un cuadrado en el agujero que tiene forma de cuadrado: si hay un anticuerpo que se ajusta a la forma de la estructura, este bloquea la entrada de la pieza -el virus- e impide que la persona se infecte.
Al aparecer una mutación, el triángulo pasa a ser un rombo y es entonces cuando el anticuerpo tiene “problemas” para bloquear su entrada, aunque Pumarola ha asegurado que lo hará parcialmente porque la base sigue siendo la misma.
Nuevas vacunas
“Es importante resaltar que en algún momento deberemos reformular la vacuna y la industria ya está trabajando en esto”, ha sostenido Pumarola sobre la protección de las vacunas ante la aparición de nuevas variantes.
Las vacunas han perdido capacidad de protección frente a la infección a medida que han surgido nuevas cepas pero siguen protegiendo frente a los cuadros clínicos de gravedad: “Mantenemos una protección muy alta en cuanto a gravedad”, ha dicho.
A su parecer, el momento de plantear una reformulación de las vacunas para revacunar a la población será cuando la protección frente a los cuadros clínicos de gravedad disminuya.
En este sentido, ha mandado un mensaje de tranquilidad porque la tecnología de ARN mensajero (ARNm) que han utilizado Pfizer y Moderna permite “una actualización muy rápida” de la vacuna ante nuevas variantes que puedan escapar de su efecto protector.
“Mucha infección”
Pumarola prevé que haya “mucha infección” tras Navidad a causa del aumento de la interacción social durante el puente de diciembre y las fiestas, por lo que ha abogado por el cumplimiento de las medidas de seguridad no farmacológicas como el uso de mascarilla, la distancia social y la ventilación, entre otras.
Ha lamentado que actualmente están aumentando “muchísimo” las infecciones y ha subrayado que la variante delta, que es la predominante en España, se transmite con facilidad en ambientes cerrados y mal ventilados.
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